Fluoridated water is a public health measure that aims to improve dental health for communities by reducing cavities. The Academy of Medical Sciences (AMS) conducted a comprehensive review of international evidence on fluoride’s impact in December 2025. Their findings indicate no significant health harms associated with optimal levels of fluoride in drinking water.
The AMS report asserts, “Evidence on the detrimental effects of water fluoridation does not show any effect on neurodevelopment or other non-dental harms.” This conclusion supports the continued use of fluoridated water as beneficial for oral health.
While the advantages of fluoridated water have diminished since fluoride toothpaste became widely available, the AMS confirms that it remains effective. The report highlights its role in decreasing hospital admissions for dental extractions among children, emphasizing its importance in pediatric dental care.
The AMS also addressed disparities related to dental health. They noted that increased fluoride concentrations can lower dental caries prevalence across various socioeconomic groups among five-year-olds. However, they acknowledged uncertainty regarding how fluoridation impacts overall dental health inequalities.
Dental fluorosis manifests as faint white spots or flecks on tooth enamel and is more prevalent in areas with fluoridated water. The AMS characterized this condition as primarily cosmetic rather than harmful: “At the concentrations discussed in this report,” they stated, “this is normally a cosmetic problem and is often reported as an ‘unwanted effect’ rather than ‘harm’ or ‘adverse effect.’” Furthermore, there was no notable difference between children from fluoridated and non-fluoridated regions concerning concerns about their teeth’s appearance.
